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Here we present short articles that deal with problems of chlorination and drinking water quality. If you have other articles for information or discussion with other people (not only scientists!) - please let us know through email!

Russian article (V) at the end of this page

I)
         WARNING: CARCINOGENS POLLUTING WATER

from Joseph E. Cummins, Associate Professor (Genetics) Dept. of Plant Sciences University of Western Ontario London, Ontario N6A B7
  "Feel free to reprint this article"
September 29, 1992

Most people believe the water they drink is safe and healthy and they will be alerted the instant hazardous pollution endangers their water supply.  However, there is clear evidence that more than 300,000 Ontario residents drink water polluted with carcinogenic solvents.  About half that number drink water polluted to levels exceeding the guidelines accepted by the Ontario Ministry of Environment (MoE) prior to the emergence of evidence that numerous wells are polluted.  MoE concealed evidence of significant pollution from residents in a large northern community for at least a year, and falsely informed residents of Angus that their polluted drinking water was safe.  The use of designer guidelines that increase as pollution increases seems like a dirty trick to the average person but that is what MoE is doing. My Freedom of Information request showed that the municipalities of Barrie, Cambridge and Delhi exceeded accepted guidelines for carcinogenic solvents.  Bracebridge, Guelpb,Waterloo, Simcoe, Marathon and Manitowadge had trace to significant levels of solvent. In Waterloo, the levels were 10 to 20 times lower than reported during 1990. Flamborougb, Fergus and Erin had wells polluted beyond the accepted guideline, and Georgetown and Cannington had polluted water. The Erin wells may have been polluted by a highway accident involving a waste hauler. In other municipal wells such as in Angus, levels of perchloroethylene hundreds of times greater than guidelines allow were acknowledged months after MoE falsely discounted a private laboratory study. People drank polluted water in Orillia for a year before the pollution was acknowledged by MoE. Penetanguishene residents drank polluted water for a long time, as did the village of Manotick near Ottawa where levels were over 10,000 times higher than established guidelines. I expect that a number of wells over and above those I listed are polluted. However, MoE demands a huge fee from me to obtain this vital information.

How is carcinogenic solvent bad for you?  The two major solvents are trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene). Polluted wells usually contain both, butone is usually higher than the other.  Both solvents cause cancer in animals.  Trichloroethylene was implicated in liver, testicular and lung cancers while tetrachloroethylene was implicated in cancer of the liver and kidneys as well as leukaemia. People drinking water polluted to levels comparable to that of the Ontario wells have experienced higher rates of leukaemia in women and children of both sexes. Children born to mothers drinking polluted water have experienced more heart malformations. Cases of the skin disease lupus are highly elevated among women drinking solvent-polluted water. In adults, nerve damage and heart attacks are caused by drinking polluted water.

What can one do? Showering in polluted water causes two to three times more solvent to be ingested than drinking two litres of the same water. It is best to bathe instead, and to drink bottled water. If you are sick a great deal with rashes or insomnia, an independent laboratory can be used to study your water. Don't let the local MoE bureaucrats bully you if the results show significant pollution, but go directly to the Minister and demand action.  The United States Environmental Protection Agency and the MoE Drinking Water Surveillance Program publications have used the standard of five parts per billion for both carcinogenic solvents as the acceptable limit.  Don't let the local health unit try to palm off a higher guideline.  Students from communities mentioned in this article should tell their families about the problem, because it has likely been concealed from them.  It is not clear the provincial government can be trusted to inform those who may be affected.

 

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II)

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) IN DRINKING WATER
Prepared by: Gregory D. Jennings  and  Ronald E. Sneed
Extension Specialists Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Mary Beth St. Clair Extension Specialist Toxicology
Published by: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication Number:    AG 473-5
Last Electronic Revision: March 1996 (JWM)

Drinking water containing high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be harmful to human health.  VOCs are a class of chemicals that have important properties in common: They evaporate, or vaporize, readily (they are volatile), and they contain carbon (and are therefore called organic). When present in water at low concentrations, some VOCs produce a sweet, pleasant odour. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that VOCs are present in one-fifth of the nation's water supplies.  They can enter ground water from a variety of sources.  Benzene, for example, may enter ground water from gasoline or oil spills on the ground surface or from leaking underground fuel tanks. Other examples of commonly detected VOCs are dichloromethane (methylene chloride), an industrial solvent; trichloroethylene, used in septic system cleaners; and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), used in the dry-cleaning industry. Table 1 lists possible sources and potential health effects for some VOCs commonly detected in water supplies.

Health Concerns:

Volatile organic compounds may have a variety of harmful health effects.  At high levels of exposure, many VOCs can cause central nervous system depression (drowsiness, stupor).  All can be irritating upon contact with the skin, or to the mucous membranes if inhaled.  Table 1 lists the eight VOCs currently regulated by EPA in public water supplies (those which serve 25 or more people).  Also listed are other VOCs commonly found in drinking water.  For each chemical, EPA has established a maximum contaminant level (MCL).  Water containing a chemical in an amount lower than the MCL is considered safe to drink.  Drinking water containing one or more VOCs at levels above standards should not be consumed.  In addition, because little is known about the additive effects of these chemicals, special attention should be paid to detecting and eliminating VOC sources if two or more chemicals are found in water.  In any case,  sources of VOC contamination should be eliminated if possible.
The most effective method for preventing VOC contamination is to ensure that these compounds are not used or disposed of near wells or surface water supplies.  Protecting your water source is the most effective method to eliminate exposure to these chemicals.  Be sure that your well is constructed properly and is protected to prevent surface water from moving down the well casing into your drinking water supply.  See Cooperative Extension service publication AG-469,    Your Water Supply: Well Construction and Protection, or contact your county Cooperative Extension Centre or local health department for information on proper well protection. Public water systems are required to be monitored on a routine basis for contamination.  For private water supplies, however, it is the homeowner’s
responsibility to regularly have water quality evaluated.  If VOCs or other contaminants are found at levels approaching or above drinking water standards, the source of contamination should be eliminated.  Prior to
transfer of property, the prospective owner may wish to request in writing that well water be analyzed to determine water quality.  This testing is especially important in cases where the property is a current or former
agricultural or industrial site, or where buried fuel tanks are located nearby.  Costs of VOC testing range from less than $100 up to $300 per sample.  Cooperative Extension Offices and Health Departments can provide
lists of certified private laboratories.

Treatment Options

Options for homeowners with contaminated water include preventing further contamination, locating an alternative water supply, or treating water to remove contaminants.  Identifying and removing the contamination source is the safest and most permanent solution.  However, it is not always possible
to identify and eliminate the source. In some cases, ground water is contaminated to the extent that cleanup may take many years and be extremely expensive.  Alternative water supplies include new wells, public water systems, and bottled water.  If a new well is constructed, be sure that it is not susceptible to contamination from the same source as the polluted well. Bottled water can be used as a short-term source of drinking water.  Keep in mind, however, that VOCs may also enter the body through skin absorption or through inhalation of water vapor. Home filter systems may provide a high-quality water supply if properly installed and maintained.  Filters may be purchased for point-of-use (POU) treatment at the faucet or point-of-entry (POE) treatment where water enters the home.  POE treatment systems are recommended for VOC removal to ensure that all water used for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing is free of contamination.  There are a variety of filter systems available.
Before purchasing a filter system, it is wise to consult with several reputable water treatment companies to ensure that the equipment purchased will treat the specific water quality problem. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters are typically used to reduce VOC levels in home drinking water.  The effectiveness of carbon filters is related to (1) the type and amount of contaminant, (2) the rate of water usage, and (3) the type of carbon being used.  Large contaminant concentrations and high water use rates reduce the carbon life.  The manufacturer’s guidelines for replacing carbon filters should be followed.  Water entering and leaving the
filter should be tested periodically to ensure that the treatment system is working properly.<p>
Bacteria may grow on the surface of a carbon filter.  Water should be disinfected after it passes through the filter to ensure its safety.  Many types of disinfection systems are available.  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one type of system shown to work effectively and efficiently to eliminate bacteria problems in water.

Summary

Effective drinking water protection includes source protection and regular
testing to ensure that the water is safe.  Source elimination and proper well protection are the most effective methods for protecting ground water.  If you live in an area where there is potential for organic compounds in your water, have it tested periodically for VOCs.  If testing indicates contamination, water treatment systems can be used to remove chemicals.  Be sure that systems purchased for home treatment of VOCs are certified to remove those found in your water. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, U.S.  Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
 

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 III)

Chlorinating: Linked To Increased Cancer Risk

Women exposed to elevated levels of chlorination by-products in drinking water are at an increased risk of developing colon cancer, according to a report in Reuters this week.

In the July American Journal of Public Health, Dr. Wei Zheng of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis explains that water supplied to community residents by municipalities can be "...100% ground water, a mixture of ground water and surface water, or 100% surface water." Surface water supplies, they say "...have consistently been shown to have higher concentrations of chlorination by-products." These by-products, including trihalomethanes, have been linked with an elevated risk of cancer. With that in mind, Dr. Zheng's team assessed "...the association of drinking water source and chlorination by-product exposure with cancer incidence," in 28,237 participants of the Iowa Women's Health Study. Dr. Zheng reports that "...women who resided in areas supplied with municipal surface water or water with higher levels of chloroform were at significantly increased risk for colon cancer and total combined cancer." After adjusting for potential confounders, there was a dose-dependent increase in the risk of these cancers with increasing levels of chloroform. The relative risk for colon cancer was 1.68 times greater for the highest levels of chloroform compared with the lowest level. Although " mechanisms of carcinogenesis caused by exposure to chlorination by-products are not fully understood," Dr. Zheng says that they "...are likely to be due to a tumor promotion effect on mucosal epithelial tissue via direct contact."

Story by Romi Bryden, Strategic Health Review, Monday, August 04, 1997
 

IV)
How is our drinking water?

  This is usually the first question which people ask a water expert, when they meet him. The information level of the population is rather low. Further, in the past, contradicting articles have been published. This is understandable, if taken into account, that the level of analytical techniques and results that are the basis for further evaluations, are still insufficient in Ukraine.

 This article was written to describe some facts and consequences without going to much into specific details. The majority of the people know that drinking water in Kiev and in the majority of other Ukrainian cities is prepared from river water. River water contains many organic substances. The bigger amount of them can be classified as humic substances of natural origin. During the summer, the concentration of organics can be increased because of plankton (algae, bacteria), plankton excretes and degradation products. If this type of water is mixed with chlorine for disinfection, chlororganic compounds will be formed. This is a fact which can not be changed even if, for some unknown reasons, the responsible authorities or politics pretend the opposite.

The formation of chlororganics because of disinfection by chlorine is known already more than 20 years. Kind  and quantity depend on many factors as for example:  type and concentration of organic matter, temperature, time of contact and so on. Some compounds, as chloroform, will be formed in higher concentration only during the vegetation period. Others can only be found using analytical instruments that are not available to the analytical control services. Because of the big amount of dangerous compounds, one has to admit, that the volume of work for a permanent control would be by far too high.

A possible solution of this problem would be, to determine the amount of chlorine bound in organic compounds. Such analytical results that were collected by the author of this article within the last four years, show, that chlororganics are present in the drinking water all over the year. Their concentration can be evaluated as "very high". What does it mean "very high" and for whom? The quotation marks were set to point out that this is an evaluation, based on actual knowledge and assumptions. The assumptions have to be made for the quantity of daily water consumption, for the number of years of consumption and for adults and children separately. Are other factors important for the health, as various harmful substances in air and food products, wrong nutrition, smoking, etc.?

These remarks show, that a sure estimation for the Ukrainian population, is still not possible. We can however profit from some American studies. MORRIS, CHALMERS and some other colleagues from Harvard University (1997) summarized the results from several studies. They conclude, that people drinking chlorinated water more than 10 - 15 years, have a bigger risk to get bladder cancer (21 %) and rectal cancer (38 %). Many other publications show in the same direction. These results are important also for Ukraine. It can be assumed that the situation here is even worse.

Other harmful compounds that occur in drinking water are obviously less important. Nitrate and heavy metals, for example, can be found but only in “small” concentrations, radioactive substances and pesticides occur at certain times, but information about these substances is rather insufficient and therefore not reported here.

  

Perspectives

 The aim of a future drinking water policy should be to give up the direct use of surface water and chlorination. As soon as possible, water protection zones should be selected and protected within the river valleys; they also will serve for nature protection purposes. When ground water is extracted here, it can be enriched with river water already filtered through the underground or by artificial infiltration of river water. The raw water from these places will contain less organic matter and a much smaller quantity of bacteria than river water itself. In this case, disinfection will be necessary only after treatment and filtration in the water work. Expenses for technical changes are rather small, in comparison with the economic damage caused by illness and reduced life expectance.

 

V)

Эффекты хлора в питьевой воде на здоровье человека

 

Общее Ведомство Учета США сообщает, что в водозаборах в 75% государств имеются серьезные недостатки. Больше чем 120 миллионов людей (приблизительно 50 % совокупности) могут получать ненадежную воду согласно исследованию, проводимому Советом Защиты Природных богатств.

Здравоохранительные органы США оценивают, что 900,000 людей заболевают каждый год - и возможно 900 умирает - из за болезней связанных с ненадежностью воды. Общее Ведомство Учета оценивает, что 66 % нарушений предельнодопустимых норм питьевой воды не сообщается.

Загрязнение воды непосредственно связано со степенью загрязнения нашей окружающей среды. Дождевая вода промывает бортовое загрязнение атмосферы, затем промывает надземный воздушный слой и впадает в реки, водоносные горизонты, и озера, которые обеспечивают нашу питьевую воду. Все химикалии, сгенерированные человеческим действием могут и находят свой путь в водоснабжение.

Химический элемент хлор - коррозионный, ядовитый, зеленовато - желтый газ, который имеет удушливый запах и - 2 Ѕ раза более тяжелее чем воздух. Хлор принадлежит к группе элементов называемых галогенами. Галогены объединяются с металамы, чтобы формировать компоненты называемые галиды. Хлор произведен исскуственным путем , проводя электрический ток через соленую воду. Этот процесс производит свободный хлор, водород, и гидроксид натрия. Хлор изменяется на жидкую форму сжатием газа, затем результировання жидкость становится транспортабельной. Жидкий хлор добавляют в питьевую воду и плавательные бассейны, чтобы разрушить бактерии

До недавнего времени, касается относительно питьевой воды, сосредоточенной при удалении патогенны микробы. Хлор, используемый, чтобы уменьшить риск инфекционной болезни может объяснять реальную часть риска рака, связанного с питьевой водой. Хлорирования питьевой воды был главный фактор в уменьшении частье морталитеть, связанных с водо- патогенным. Использование хлора, как полагали, было безопасным. Этот просмотр очевиден в артикль, которое появилось на обратной странице "Нью-Йорк Тайме". Установленный отчет, что с использованием хлора, " Любое муниципальное водоснабжение может быть сделан также чистым как ключевой водой горы. Хлорирования разрушает всю животную и микробную жизнь, не оставляя никакой след себя впоследствии." Это утверждение отраженное мнение, принятое до недавних лет, когда галоген-органические соединения, типа хлороформ, было идентифицировано в хлорированной питьевой воде, обеспечивает. Недавнее проявление паказивают что эти компоненты общие в водоснабжение в все Соединенные штаты.

Эти предприятия относительно рисков рака, связанных с химическим загрязнением из хлорирования побочных продуктов привели к многочисленным эпидемиологическим исследованиям. Эти исследования обычно поддерживают намерение, что побочные продукты хлорирования связаны с увеличиваемыми рисками рака.

Хлор используется, чтобы сразиться с микробным загрязнением, но это может реагировать с органическим веществом в воде и формировать опасной, карциногены тригапометаны. Согласно Доктору Joseph М. Price, MD, в Медицинском Словаре Mosebys, " Хлор самый важна зубстанц котори визиваеть вален и умор в современных времен. Это - коварный яд. ".

В 1992 исследовании, которое сделало главные трансмиссионные валы, титульного листа, и были сообщены относительно в июле Американского Журнала Общих исследователей Здоровья в Медицинском Колледже Wisconsin в Milwaukee, нашел, что люди, кто регулярно пьют воду крана, содержащую высокие уровни побочных продуктов хлора, имеют больший риск развивающегося баллона и ректап раковых образований чем люди, кто пьют нехлорированние воду. Исследование оценивает, что приблизительно 9 процентов от всего рака баллона и 18 процентов от всех ректап случаев рака связан с долговременным ‘потреблением этих побочных продуктов. Это составляет свыше 20,000 новых случаев каждый год.

Morris, с эпидемиологам Thomas С. Chalmers и его коллегами при Harvard, используемом новая методика называемая мета анализом, чтобы объединить результаты из 10 лучше всего исследований, давая новые результаты. Они сообщают, что люди котори пьют хлорирование вода над длинными периодами имеют увеличение 21 % риска заключающего рака баллона и увеличения 38 % риска ректал рака. " Я совершенно убежден, оснуются на этом исследовании, это имеется ассоциация между раком и хлорирование водой. ", говорит Robert D. Morris Медицинского Колледжа Wisconsin в Milwaukee, кто направил новое исследование.

Приблизительно 90 % совокупности пьют питьевая вода, которая может содержать сотни этих Побочных продуктов Дезинфекции (DBPs), также известный как тригапометаны.

Управление по охране окружающей среды (ЕРА) понизило Максимальный Уровень Примеси для Побочных продуктов Дезинфекции, но это будет годы прежде, чем новый стандарт входит в силу.

В его книге, Coronaries/Cholesterol/Chlorine, Joseph М. Price, MD презентировает поражающие очевидность, что тригалометаны, являются "заправляют причинных агентов артеросклерозис и неизбежного жледужвие , сердечный припадок или инфаркт." Эти тригапометаны созданы, когда хлор, который добавляется к муниципальному водоснабжению, реагирует с органическим веществом типа листьев, прутов, или химикалий из сельскохозяйственного побега.

Имеется То, что Эксперты- Говорить:

" Питье хлорирование воды в заключение официально компоновалось с увеличиваемым падением рака двоеточия. Эпидемиолог при OAK Ридж Связанные Университеты завершили исследование жертв рака двоеточия и пациентов не-рака и заключили, что питье хлорирование воды в течение 15 лет или больше было визивала визоки часть рака двоеточия. " Свободы Новости Здоровья, Январь / Февраль 1987

" Долговременное питье хлорирование воды, появляется, увеличивает риск человека развивающегося рака баллона столько же сколько 80 %," согласно исследованию, изданному в Журнале Национального Института Рака. Приблизительно 45,000 Американцев диагностированы каждый год с раком баллона. St. Paul Посылает и ПионирПресса, 17 декабря, 1987

" Хотя концентрации этих канцерогенных веществ - низкий ..., это - точно эти низкие уровни, которые ученые - как верят научный работники рака, ответственен за большинство человеческих раковых образований в Соединенных штатах. " Отчет, выданный Относящимся к окружению Фондом Защиты

" Хлор непосредственно, как полагают, не является проблемой. Ученые предполагают, что фактическая причина раковых образований баллона - группа химикалий, которые формируются как результат из реакций между хлором и естественными веществами и загрязняющими веществами в воде. " (Органическое вещество типа листьев и прутов.) St. Paul Посылает и Пионир Пресса, 17 декабря, 1987

Отчеты Гринписа нашли, что хлор-основанные составы будут наиболее общими ядовитыми и постоянными загрязняющими веществами в Великих Озерах


fore more information see also:

 http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/mdbp/chapter3.html  (link closed)

 http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ottaway/dw_home1.htm  (link closed)

and Literature:
Office of Drinking Water, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (19990): Risk Assessment, Management and Communication of Drinking Water Contamination. - Seminar Publication EPA/625-4-89/024

 

 

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