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Here we present short
articles that deal with problems of chlorination and drinking water
quality. If you have other articles for information or discussion with
other people (not only scientists!) - please let
us know through
email!
Russian article (V) at the end of this page
I)
WARNING: CARCINOGENS POLLUTING WATER
from Joseph E. Cummins, Associate Professor
(Genetics) Dept. of Plant Sciences University of Western Ontario London,
Ontario N6A B7
"Feel free to reprint this article"
September 29, 1992
Most people believe the water they drink is
safe and healthy and they will be alerted the instant hazardous
pollution endangers their water supply. However, there is clear
evidence that more than 300,000 Ontario residents drink water polluted
with carcinogenic solvents. About half that number drink water
polluted to levels exceeding the guidelines accepted by the Ontario
Ministry of Environment (MoE) prior to the emergence of evidence that
numerous wells are polluted. MoE concealed evidence of significant
pollution from residents in a large northern community for at least a
year, and falsely informed residents of Angus that their polluted
drinking water was safe. The use of designer guidelines that
increase as pollution increases seems like a dirty trick to the average
person but that is what MoE is doing. My Freedom of Information request
showed that the municipalities of Barrie, Cambridge and Delhi exceeded
accepted guidelines for carcinogenic solvents. Bracebridge,
Guelpb,Waterloo, Simcoe, Marathon and Manitowadge had trace to
significant levels of solvent. In Waterloo, the levels were 10 to 20
times lower than reported during 1990. Flamborougb, Fergus and Erin had
wells polluted beyond the accepted guideline, and Georgetown and
Cannington had polluted water. The Erin wells may have been polluted by
a highway accident involving a waste hauler. In other municipal wells
such as in Angus, levels of perchloroethylene hundreds of times greater
than guidelines allow were acknowledged months after MoE falsely
discounted a private laboratory study. People drank polluted water in
Orillia for a year before the pollution was acknowledged by MoE.
Penetanguishene residents drank polluted water for a long time, as did
the village of Manotick near Ottawa where levels were over 10,000 times
higher than established guidelines. I expect that a number of wells over
and above those I listed are polluted. However, MoE demands a huge fee
from me to obtain this vital information.
How is carcinogenic solvent bad for you?
The two major solvents are trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene).
Polluted wells usually contain both, butone is usually higher than the
other. Both solvents cause cancer in animals.
Trichloroethylene was implicated in liver, testicular and lung cancers
while tetrachloroethylene was implicated in cancer of the liver and
kidneys as well as leukaemia. People drinking water polluted to levels
comparable to that of the Ontario wells have experienced higher rates of
leukaemia in women and children of both sexes. Children born to mothers
drinking polluted water have experienced more heart malformations. Cases
of the skin disease lupus are highly elevated among women drinking
solvent-polluted water. In adults, nerve damage and heart attacks are
caused by drinking polluted water.
What can one do? Showering in polluted water
causes two to three times more solvent to be ingested than drinking two
litres of the same water. It is best to bathe instead, and to drink
bottled water. If you are sick a great deal with rashes or insomnia, an
independent laboratory can be used to study your water. Don't let the
local MoE bureaucrats bully you if the results show significant
pollution, but go directly to the Minister and demand action. The
United States Environmental Protection Agency and the MoE Drinking Water
Surveillance Program publications have used the standard of five parts
per billion for both carcinogenic solvents as the acceptable limit.
Don't let the local health unit try to palm off a higher guideline.
Students from communities mentioned in this article should tell their
families about the problem, because it has likely been concealed from
them. It is not clear the provincial government can be trusted to
inform those who may be affected.
BACK
II)
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
IN DRINKING WATER
Prepared by: Gregory D. Jennings and Ronald E. Sneed
Extension Specialists Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Mary Beth St. Clair Extension Specialist Toxicology
Published by: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication
Number: AG 473-5
Last Electronic Revision: March 1996 (JWM)
Drinking water containing high levels of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be harmful to human health.
VOCs are a class of chemicals that have important properties in common:
They evaporate, or vaporize, readily (they are volatile), and they
contain carbon (and are therefore called organic). When present in water
at low concentrations, some VOCs produce a sweet, pleasant odour. The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that VOCs are
present in one-fifth of the nation's water supplies. They can
enter ground water from a variety of sources. Benzene, for
example, may enter ground water from gasoline or oil spills on the
ground surface or from leaking underground fuel tanks. Other examples of
commonly detected VOCs are dichloromethane (methylene chloride), an
industrial solvent; trichloroethylene, used in septic system cleaners;
and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), used in the dry-cleaning
industry. Table 1 lists possible sources and potential health effects
for some VOCs commonly detected in water supplies.
Health Concerns:
Volatile organic compounds may have a variety
of harmful health effects. At high levels of exposure, many VOCs
can cause central nervous system depression (drowsiness, stupor).
All can be irritating upon contact with the skin, or to the mucous
membranes if inhaled. Table 1 lists the eight VOCs currently
regulated by EPA in public water supplies (those which serve 25 or more
people). Also listed are other VOCs commonly found in drinking
water. For each chemical, EPA has established a maximum
contaminant level (MCL). Water containing a chemical in an amount
lower than the MCL is considered safe to drink. Drinking water
containing one or more VOCs at levels above standards should not be
consumed. In addition, because little is known about the additive
effects of these chemicals, special attention should be paid to
detecting and eliminating VOC sources if two or more chemicals are found
in water. In any case, sources of VOC contamination should
be eliminated if possible.
The most effective method for preventing VOC contamination is to ensure
that these compounds are not used or disposed of near wells or surface
water supplies. Protecting your water source is the most effective
method to eliminate exposure to these chemicals. Be sure that your
well is constructed properly and is protected to prevent surface water
from moving down the well casing into your drinking water supply.
See Cooperative Extension service publication AG-469,
Your Water Supply: Well Construction and Protection, or contact your
county Cooperative Extension Centre or local health department for
information on proper well protection. Public water systems are required
to be monitored on a routine basis for contamination. For private
water supplies, however, it is the homeowner’s
responsibility to regularly have water quality evaluated. If VOCs
or other contaminants are found at levels approaching or above drinking
water standards, the source of contamination should be eliminated.
Prior to
transfer of property, the prospective owner may wish to request in
writing that well water be analyzed to determine water quality.
This testing is especially important in cases where the property is a
current or former
agricultural or industrial site, or where buried fuel tanks are located
nearby. Costs of VOC testing range from less than $100 up to $300
per sample. Cooperative Extension Offices and Health Departments
can provide
lists of certified private laboratories.
Treatment Options
Options for homeowners with contaminated water
include preventing further contamination, locating an alternative water
supply, or treating water to remove contaminants. Identifying and
removing the contamination source is the safest and most permanent
solution. However, it is not always possible
to identify and eliminate the source. In some cases, ground water is
contaminated to the extent that cleanup may take many years and be
extremely expensive. Alternative water supplies include new wells,
public water systems, and bottled water. If a new well is
constructed, be sure that it is not susceptible to contamination from
the same source as the polluted well. Bottled water can be used as a
short-term source of drinking water. Keep in mind, however, that
VOCs may also enter the body through skin absorption or through
inhalation of water vapor. Home filter systems may provide a
high-quality water supply if properly installed and maintained.
Filters may be purchased for point-of-use (POU) treatment at the faucet
or point-of-entry (POE) treatment where water enters the home. POE
treatment systems are recommended for VOC removal to ensure that all
water used for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing is free of
contamination. There are a variety of filter systems available.
Before purchasing a filter system, it is wise to consult with several
reputable water treatment companies to ensure that the equipment
purchased will treat the specific water quality problem. Granular
activated carbon (GAC) filters are typically used to reduce VOC levels
in home drinking water. The effectiveness of carbon filters is
related to (1) the type and amount of contaminant, (2) the rate of water
usage, and (3) the type of carbon being used. Large contaminant
concentrations and high water use rates reduce the carbon life.
The manufacturer’s guidelines for replacing carbon filters should be
followed. Water entering and leaving the
filter should be tested periodically to ensure that the treatment system
is working properly.<p>
Bacteria may grow on the surface of a carbon filter. Water should
be disinfected after it passes through the filter to ensure its safety.
Many types of disinfection systems are available. Ultraviolet (UV)
radiation is one type of system shown to work effectively and
efficiently to eliminate bacteria problems in water.
Summary
Effective drinking water protection includes
source protection and regular
testing to ensure that the water is safe. Source elimination and
proper well protection are the most effective methods for protecting
ground water. If you live in an area where there is potential for
organic compounds in your water, have it tested periodically for VOCs.
If testing indicates contamination, water treatment systems can be used
to remove chemicals. Be sure that systems purchased for home
treatment of VOCs are certified to remove those found in your water.
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30,
1914. Employment and program opportunities are offered to all people
regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability.
North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, and local governments cooperating.
#############################################################
BACK
III)
Chlorinating: Linked To Increased
Cancer Risk
Women exposed to elevated levels of
chlorination by-products in drinking water are at an increased risk of
developing colon cancer, according to a report in Reuters this week.
In the July American Journal of Public Health,
Dr. Wei Zheng of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis explains
that water supplied to community residents by municipalities can be
"...100% ground water, a mixture of ground water and surface water, or
100% surface water." Surface water supplies, they say "...have
consistently been shown to have higher concentrations of chlorination
by-products." These by-products, including trihalomethanes, have been
linked with an elevated risk of cancer. With that in mind, Dr. Zheng's
team assessed "...the association of drinking water source and
chlorination by-product exposure with cancer incidence," in 28,237
participants of the Iowa Women's Health Study. Dr. Zheng reports that
"...women who resided in areas supplied with municipal surface water or
water with higher levels of chloroform were at significantly increased
risk for colon cancer and total combined cancer." After adjusting for
potential confounders, there was a dose-dependent increase in the risk
of these cancers with increasing levels of chloroform. The relative risk
for colon cancer was 1.68 times greater for the highest levels of
chloroform compared with the lowest level. Although " mechanisms of
carcinogenesis caused by exposure to chlorination by-products are not
fully understood," Dr. Zheng says that they "...are likely to be due to
a tumor promotion effect on mucosal epithelial tissue via direct
contact."
Story by Romi Bryden, Strategic Health
Review, Monday, August 04, 1997
IV)
How is our drinking water?
This is usually the first question which people
ask a water expert, when they meet him. The information level of the
population is rather low. Further, in the past, contradicting articles
have been published. This is understandable, if taken into account, that
the level of analytical techniques and results that are the basis for
further evaluations, are still insufficient in Ukraine.
This article was written to describe some facts
and consequences without going to much into specific details. The
majority of the people know that drinking water in Kiev and in the
majority of other Ukrainian cities is prepared from river water. River
water contains many organic substances. The bigger amount of them can be
classified as humic substances of natural origin. During the summer, the
concentration of organics can be increased because of plankton (algae,
bacteria), plankton excretes and degradation products. If this type of
water is mixed with chlorine for disinfection, chlororganic compounds
will be formed. This is a fact which can not be changed even if, for
some unknown reasons, the responsible authorities or politics pretend
the opposite.
The formation of chlororganics because of
disinfection by chlorine is known already more than 20 years. Kind
and quantity depend on many factors as for example: type and
concentration of organic matter, temperature, time of contact and so on.
Some compounds, as chloroform, will be formed in higher concentration
only during the vegetation period. Others can only be found using
analytical instruments that are not available to the analytical control
services. Because of the big amount of dangerous compounds, one has to
admit, that the volume of work for a permanent control would be by far
too high.
A possible solution of this problem would be, to
determine the amount of chlorine bound in organic compounds. Such
analytical results that were collected by the author of this article
within the last four years, show, that chlororganics are present in the
drinking water all over the year. Their concentration can be evaluated
as "very high". What does it mean "very high" and for whom? The
quotation marks were set to point out that this is an evaluation, based
on actual knowledge and assumptions. The assumptions have to be made for
the quantity of daily water consumption, for the number of years of
consumption and for adults and children separately. Are other factors
important for the health, as various harmful substances in air and food
products, wrong nutrition, smoking, etc.?
These remarks show, that a sure estimation for the
Ukrainian population, is still not possible. We can however profit from
some American studies. MORRIS, CHALMERS and some other colleagues from
Harvard University (1997) summarized the results from several studies.
They conclude, that people drinking chlorinated water more than 10 - 15
years, have a bigger risk to get bladder cancer (21 %) and rectal cancer
(38 %). Many other publications show in the same direction. These
results are important also for Ukraine. It can be assumed that the
situation here is even worse.
Other harmful compounds that occur in drinking
water are obviously less important. Nitrate and heavy metals, for
example, can be found but only in “small” concentrations, radioactive
substances and pesticides occur at certain times, but information about
these substances is rather insufficient and therefore not reported here.
Perspectives
The aim of a future drinking water policy should
be to give up the direct use of surface water and chlorination. As soon
as possible, water protection zones should be selected and protected
within the river valleys; they also will serve for nature protection
purposes. When ground water is extracted here, it can be enriched with
river water already filtered through the underground or by artificial
infiltration of river water. The raw water from these places will
contain less organic matter and a much smaller quantity of bacteria than
river water itself. In this case, disinfection will be necessary only
after treatment and filtration in the water work. Expenses for technical
changes are rather small, in comparison with the economic damage caused
by illness and reduced life expectance.
V)
Эффекты хлора в питьевой воде на здоровье человека
Общее Ведомство Учета США сообщает,
что в водозаборах в 75% государств имеются серьезные
недостатки. Больше чем 120 миллионов людей (приблизительно 50 % совокупности)
могут получать ненадежную воду согласно исследованию, проводимому
Советом Защиты Природных богатств.
Здравоохранительные органы США оценивают, что 900,000 людей заболевают каждый год - и возможно
900 умирает - из за болезней связанных с ненадежностью воды. Общее
Ведомство Учета оценивает, что 66 % нарушений предельнодопустимых норм питьевой воды не сообщается.
Загрязнение воды непосредственно
связано со степенью загрязнения нашей окружающей среды.
Дождевая вода промывает бортовое загрязнение атмосферы, затем промывает надземный воздушный слой и впадает в реки, водоносные горизонты, и
озера, которые обеспечивают нашу питьевую воду. Все химикалии,
сгенерированные человеческим действием могут и находят свой путь в водоснабжение.
Химический элемент хлор -
коррозионный, ядовитый, зеленовато - желтый газ, который имеет удушливый запах и - 2 Ѕ раза более тяжелее чем
воздух. Хлор принадлежит к группе элементов называемых галогенами.
Галогены объединяются с металамы, чтобы формировать компоненты
называемые галиды. Хлор произведен исскуственным путем , проводя электрический ток
через соленую воду. Этот процесс производит свободный хлор, водород, и
гидроксид натрия. Хлор изменяется на жидкую форму сжатием газа, затем результировання жидкость становится транспортабельной. Жидкий хлор
добавляют в питьевую воду и плавательные бассейны, чтобы разрушить
бактерии
До недавнего времени, касается
относительно питьевой воды, сосредоточенной при удалении патогенны
микробы. Хлор, используемый, чтобы
уменьшить риск инфекционной болезни может объяснять реальную часть риска
рака, связанного с питьевой водой. Хлорирования питьевой воды был
главный фактор в уменьшении частье морталитеть, связанных с водо-
патогенным. Использование хлора, как полагали, было безопасным. Этот просмотр
очевиден в артикль, которое появилось на обратной странице "Нью-Йорк
Тайме". Установленный отчет, что с использованием хлора, " Любое
муниципальное водоснабжение может быть сделан также чистым как ключевой
водой горы. Хлорирования разрушает всю животную и микробную жизнь, не
оставляя никакой след себя впоследствии." Это утверждение отраженное
мнение, принятое до недавних лет, когда галоген-органические соединения,
типа хлороформ, было идентифицировано в хлорированной питьевой воде, обеспечивает. Недавнее
проявление паказивают что эти компоненты общие в водоснабжение в все Соединенные штаты.
Эти предприятия относительно рисков
рака, связанных с химическим загрязнением из хлорирования побочных
продуктов привели к многочисленным эпидемиологическим исследованиям. Эти
исследования обычно поддерживают намерение, что побочные продукты
хлорирования связаны с увеличиваемыми рисками рака.
Хлор используется, чтобы сразиться с
микробным загрязнением, но это может реагировать с органическим
веществом в воде и формировать опасной, карциногены тригапометаны.
Согласно Доктору
Joseph М. Price,
MD, в Медицинском Словаре
Moseby’s, " Хлор самый важна зубстанц котори
визиваеть вален и умор в современных времен. Это - коварный яд. ".
В 1992 исследовании, которое сделало
главные трансмиссионные валы, титульного листа, и были сообщены
относительно в июле Американского Журнала Общих
исследователей Здоровья в Медицинском Колледже
Wisconsin в
Milwaukee, нашел, что люди, кто
регулярно пьют воду крана, содержащую высокие уровни побочных продуктов
хлора, имеют больший риск развивающегося баллона и ректап раковых
образований чем люди, кто пьют нехлорированние воду. Исследование
оценивает, что приблизительно 9 процентов от всего рака баллона и 18
процентов от всех ректап случаев рака связан с долговременным ‘потреблением этих побочных
продуктов. Это составляет свыше 20,000 новых случаев каждый год.
Morris, с эпидемиологам
Thomas С.
Chalmers и его коллегами при
Harvard, используемом новая
методика называемая мета анализом, чтобы объединить результаты из 10
лучше всего исследований, давая новые результаты. Они сообщают, что люди
котори пьют хлорирование вода над длинными периодами имеют увеличение 21
% риска заключающего рака баллона и увеличения 38 % риска ректал рака. " Я совершенно убежден,
оснуются на этом исследовании, это имеется ассоциация между раком и
хлорирование водой. ", говорит
Robert
D.
Morris Медицинского Колледжа
Wisconsin в
Milwaukee, кто направил новое
исследование.
Приблизительно 90 % совокупности пьют питьевая вода, которая может
содержать сотни этих Побочных продуктов Дезинфекции (DBPs), также известный как
тригапометаны.
Управление по охране окружающей среды
(ЕРА) понизило Максимальный Уровень Примеси для Побочных продуктов
Дезинфекции, но это будет годы прежде, чем новый стандарт входит в силу.
В его книге,
Coronaries/Cholesterol/Chlorine,
Joseph М.
Price,
MD презентировает поражающие
очевидность, что тригалометаны, являются "заправляют причинных агентов
артеросклерозис и неизбежного жледужвие , сердечный припадок или инфаркт." Эти тригапометаны
созданы, когда хлор, который добавляется к муниципальному водоснабжению,
реагирует с органическим веществом типа листьев, прутов, или химикалий
из сельскохозяйственного побега.
Имеется То, что Эксперты- Говорить:
" Питье хлорирование воды в
заключение официально компоновалось с увеличиваемым падением рака
двоеточия. Эпидемиолог при
OAK Ридж Связанные
Университеты завершили исследование жертв рака двоеточия и пациентов
не-рака и заключили, что питье хлорирование воды в течение 15 лет или
больше было визивала визоки часть рака двоеточия. " Свободы Новости
Здоровья, Январь / Февраль 1987
" Долговременное питье хлорирование
воды, появляется, увеличивает риск человека
развивающегося рака баллона столько же сколько 80 %," согласно исследованию, изданному в
Журнале Национального Института Рака. Приблизительно 45,000 Американцев
диагностированы каждый год с раком баллона.
St.
Paul Посылает и ПионирПресса,
17 декабря, 1987
" Хотя концентрации этих
канцерогенных веществ - низкий ..., это - точно эти низкие уровни,
которые ученые - как верят научный работники рака, ответственен за большинство
человеческих раковых образований в Соединенных штатах. " Отчет, выданный
Относящимся к окружению Фондом Защиты
" Хлор непосредственно, как полагают,
не является проблемой. Ученые предполагают, что фактическая причина
раковых образований баллона - группа химикалий, которые формируются как
результат из реакций между хлором и естественными веществами и
загрязняющими веществами в воде. " (Органическое вещество типа листьев и
прутов.) St.
Paul Посылает и Пионир Пресса,
17 декабря, 1987
Отчеты Гринписа нашли, что
хлор-основанные составы будут наиболее общими ядовитыми и постоянными
загрязняющими веществами в Великих Озерах
fore more information see also:
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/mdbp/chapter3.html (link
closed)
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ottaway/dw_home1.htm
(link closed)
and Literature:
Office of Drinking Water, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (19990): Risk Assessment, Management and Communication of
Drinking Water Contamination. - Seminar Publication EPA/625-4-89/024

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